性别和情绪状态对学前儿童在独裁者游戏中分配决策的影响

时间:2023-06-09 14:30:08 公文范文 来源:网友投稿

学习中,我们经常会看到家长或教师等成人生气时,幼儿会表现出努力“讨好”成人的行为,如按照家长或教师的期望去做一些让他们高兴的事情。这也许是为什么对于生气的“接受者”,幼儿会分配出更多资源来“讨好”他们,以避免对自己造成威胁的原因。需要指出的是,本研究中“接受者”高兴、难过和生气的情绪照片均为成人照片。如果使用同龄儿童的情绪照片会出现怎样的分配决策,需作进一步探讨。

(三)性别对幼儿分配决策的影响

本研究发现,3岁幼儿“提议者”被试向男性“接受者”分配的贴画数量显著少于女性“接受者”,但4岁和5岁幼儿“提议者”被试向男女“接受者”分配的贴画数量不存在显著差异。一般来说,孩子出生后的主要照看者为女性,幼儿早期的依恋对象也主要为女性,如母亲或祖母。从情绪表达的性别差异来看,女性在情绪情感的表达上比较细腻、丰富,表达出的情绪相对富有感染力。因此,幼儿在年幼时会对女性“接受者”表现出偏爱。4岁是幼儿社会认知能力发展的关键年龄。〔16〕随着年龄的增长,幼儿社会交往范围逐渐增大,社会交往能力逐步提高,他们开始享受与男性和女性交往或游戏的不同乐趣,因此对男性和女性都表现出了较高的接纳度。

参考文献:

〔1〕BOLTON G E, KATOK E, ZWIEK R. Dictator game giving:Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness〔J〕. International Journal of Games Theory,1998,(27):269-299.

〔2〕FORSYTHE R, HOROWITZ J L, SAVIN N E,et al.Fairness in simple bargaining experiments〔J〕.Games and Economic Behavior,1994,6(3):347-369.

〔3〕〔14〕CAMERER C F.Behavioral game theory:Experiments in strategic interaction〔M〕.New Jersey:Princeton University Press,2003.

〔4〕BENENSON J F, PASCOE J, RADMORE N.Children’s altruistic behavior in the dictator game〔J〕.Evolution and Human Behavior,2007,(28):168-175.

〔5〕FABES R A, EISENBERG N. Meta-analyses of age and sex differences in children’s and adolescents’ prosocial behavior〔D〕.Trabtech:Arizona State University,1998.

〔6〕HASELHUHN M P, MELLER B A. Emotions and cooperation in economic games〔J〕.Cognitive Brain Research,2005,(23):24-33.

〔7〕FEHR E,BERNHARD H,ROCKKENBACH B. Egalitarianism in young children〔J〕. Nature, 2008, 454:1079-1083.

〔8〕陳璟, 李红.幼儿心理理论愿望信念理解与情绪理解关系研究〔J〕.心理发展与教育,2008,(1):7-13.

〔9〕TAKAGISHI H, et al. Theory of mind enhances preference for fairness〔J〕.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,2010,105:130-137.

〔10〕GUMMERUM M, et al. To give or not to give:Children’s and adolescents’ sharing and moral negotiations in economic decision situations〔J〕.Child Development,2008,79(3):562-576.

〔11〕TAKEZAWA M,GUMMERUM M,KELLER M.A stage for the rational tail of the emotional dog:Roles of moral reasoning in group decision making〔J〕.Journal of Economic Psychology,2006,27(1):117-139.

〔12〕PATAKI S P, SHAPIRO C, CLARK M S. Children’s acquisition of appropriate norms for friendships and acquaintances〔J〕.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1994,11(3):427-442.

〔13〕WANG Y F, et al. Facial expression recognition: Can preschoolers with cochlear implants and hearing aids catch it〔J〕.Research in Developmental Disabilities,2011,(32):2583-2588.

〔15〕SEIDEL E M,et al. The impact of facial emotional expressions on behavioral tendencies in women and men〔J〕.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,2010,36(2):500-507.

〔16〕FRITH C D,SINGER T.The role of social cognition in decision making〔J〕.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,2008,363:3875-3886.

推荐访问:独裁者 学前 决策 情绪 分配